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Calculators
Cardiovascular risk calculators
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PROCAM (2002)
This risk assessment tool estimates 10-year risk of myocardial infarction, based upon data from the PROCAM Study. Reference: Assmann G, Cullen P, & Schulte H. (2002) Simple Scoring Scheme for Calculating the Risk of Acute Coronary Events Based on the 10-Year Follow-up of the Prospective Cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) Study. Circulation. 105:310-315
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Joint British Societies (1998)
This risk assessment programme calculates CHD and stroke risk as a probability (%) of developing an event in the next 10 years. The calculator is based on data from the Framingham study
References: Wood D et al. (1998) Joint British recommendations on prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Heart. 80 supplement 2 Anderson KM, Wilson PWF, Odell PM, et al. (1991) An updated coronary risk profile: a statement for health professionals. Circulation. 83:356-62.
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SCORE (2003)
The SCORE charts estimate 10-year risk of fatal CVD in high- and low-risk European populations, based on the findings of the SCORE project.
Reference: Conroy et al. (2003) Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J. 24:987-1003
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Sheffield (UK) (2000)
This paper, which has been made available on the BMJ website, evaluates a new version of the Sheffield table. The Sheffield table, which has been designed to aid decisions on lipid screening and detect thresholds for risk of CHD needed to implement guidelines for prevention of CVD, is was based on the Framingham risk function. The new version was modified by basing it on the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and age, sex, smoking, diabetes and hypertension.
Reference: Wallis et al. (2000) Coronary and cardiovascular risk estimation for primary prevention: validation of a new Sheffield table in the 1995 Scottish health survey population BMJ 2000;320:671-676 (11 March)
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Diabetes specific calculators
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HOMA2 (2004)
The Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) estimates steady state beta cell function (%B) and insulin sensitivity (%S), as percentages of a normal reference population.
Reference: Wallace TM, Levy JC, & Matthews DR. (2004) Use and Abuse of HOMA modeling. Diabetes Care. 27(6): 1487-95
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UKPDS (2004)
Risk calculators based on equations from the Framingham Heart Study tend to underestimate risks for people with diabetes. The UKPDS risk engine is a type 2 diabetes specific risk calculator, based on data from the UK Prospective Diabetes Study, that provides risk estimates for: non-fatal and fatal CHD, non-fatal and fatal stroke, and case fatality rates in MI and stroke.
References: Stevens RJ, Coleman RL, Adler AI, Stratton IM, Matthews DR, & Holman RR. (2004) Risk Factors for Myocardial Infarction Case Fatality and Stroke Case Fatality in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 27:201-207 Stevens RJ, Coleman RL, Adler AI, Stratton IM, Matthews DR, & Holman RR. (2004) UKPDS 66: Risk Factors for Myocardial Infarction Case Fatality and Stroke Case Fatality in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 27: 1: 201-207 2003 Stevens R J. (2003) Evaluation of methods for interval estimation of model outputs, with application to survival models. Journal of Applied Statistics 30: 9: 967-981 2002 Kothari V, Stevens RJ, Adler AI, Stratton IM, Manley SE, Neil HAW, Holman RR (2002) UKPDS 60: Risk of stroke in type 2 diabetes estimated by the UKPDS Risk Engine. Stroke. 33: 1776-1781 Stevens R, Kothari V, Adler AI, Stratten IM, Holman RR (2001) UKPDS 56: The UKPDS Risk Engine: a model for the risk of coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes. Clinical Science. 101: 671-679
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